12.19.2008 — Wouldn't it be wonderful if we could put an air filter in Chicago and filter all the air in America?

A good idea, but it can't possibly work effectively.

That's why a service entrance powerline surge protector -- often called a whole-house surge protector -- does not live up to the billing.

Just like the Chicago air filter, a service entrance surge protector can provide some protection from the 20 percent of surges originating outside a house, but not the 80 percent of surges which originate within a house.

Where Do Surges Come From?

For a better understanding, you need to know that:

• 20 percent of surges originate outside a house from nearby lightning strikes, which couple surges into nearby power wires
• Normal utility operations can cause electrical disturbances
• Perhaps the most common external surge source is when power is interrupted for any reason – a tree falling on wires, a car hitting a pole, wind damage, utility repairs, etc. Wires conducting electricity create a magnetic field. When power is interrupted, the magnetic field collapses, inducing large voltages in the wires. A 12-volt spark coil relies on this principle to generate many thousands of volts to fire spark plugs.
• 80% of surges come from within a building are generated every time equipment cycles on and off.

Internal surge levels are related to the magnitude of current being interrupted and the length of wire from the service entrance to the load.

The longer the wire and the higher the current, the bigger the surge generated when the power is interrupted.

A classic example is a coffee pot located far from the service entrance. Every time the heater kicks on and off to maintain the coffee temperature, significant surges are generated.

It should be obvious that a coffee pot cycling on and off several times an hour is a much more frequent event than a tree falling on the power wires, or a lightning storm.

2 Technology Choices

Two basic surge protection technologies are available today with radically different performance and endurance.

The dominant technology is sacrificial shunt mode technology. Typically, this technology uses MOVs (metal oxide varistors.)

The second is series filter technology.

The shunt mode (MOV) technology relies on a three-stage, or zoned approach to whole-house protection:

1. Service entrance protection
2. Branch circuit protection
3. Point of use protection

Service entrance and branch circuit protection must be installed by licensed electricians. The point-of-use plug-in protection should be used with each piece of sensitive equipment.

These products generally incorporate "protection working" lights or alarms since they use sacrificial components (MOVs) that should be periodically replaced to maintain protection as the protection degrades with exposure.

In many instances, it is impractical to have service entrance and branch circuit protection. Either an electrician would need to install and periodically inspect the service entrance and branch circuit protectors or the homeowner would have to rely only on the point-of-use plug-in products.

In these cases, the shunt mode plug-in point of use protectors have much greater exposure, and may not even be rated for the level of exposure they will see.

With series filter technology, plug-in point-of-use filters are available that can repeatedly eliminate damaging surge energy and noise.

This eliminates the electrician-installed service entrance and branch circuit protectors needed by the shunt MOV technology. Since there are no sacrificial elements in the filters, routine maintenance and concern about protection level is eliminated.

"Protection working" lights are not required since filters do not "wear out" with use. Advanced Power Quality filters are now available that cancel out the worst-case powerline surges and noise and have at least a 10-year life with the worst surge.