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01.23.2008 — Wireless data network technology, mainly 802.11, is essential for home network installations, primarily for use by laptops, portable touch screens, keypads, and so on.

The purpose of this TIP is to help you understand some of the limitations of 802.11 technology, how to measure its performance in the field using my favorite WiFi gadget, and to pass along some tips on improve the reliability and bandwidth of your installations.

Currently, the fastest standardized wireless network technology available is 802.11g. If you're installing wireless as part of home networks, this is what you should be using.

If the customer has older 802.11b equipment you should offer to replace it for free -- a good customer relations move that will also make your job easier.

Don't Leap to 802.11n


I'm sure you've heard a lot about 802.11n, the newer WiFi technology. Unfortunately, 802.11n, in my opinion, is not ready to be professionally installed as a wireless infrastructure for your customer.

Its major problems right now are:
  • It's still in draft form and will be until mid-2009, the major reason that no commercial WAP utilizes 802.11n. Interoperability is still a problem.

  • It has so many mode variations -- 576 to be exact -- it's just not possible to predict performance between any two devices.

  • in the presence of competing 'g' networks (even in a neighbor's home) it will "fall back" to g speeds

  • It is subject to many of the interference problems of 'g' .

  • It can seriously screw-up existing 'g' networks

  • Something that most people forget is that to utilize its potential higher bandwidths (over about 60 Mbps) requires it connect to a 1000Base-T wired network.


If your customer wants to experiment with 802.11n, fine, but make sure everyone under-stands it's an experiment and performance may actually be worse than 802.11g.

WAP Performance and Bandwidth Limitations


The quoted maximum bandwidth of 802.11g (54 Mbps) is just theoretical.

If you placed a laptop computer right next to a wireless access point, inside an RF shielded room to prevent any external interference, and both devices were using 802.11g and streamed a large file to the laptop from an Ethernet wired connection, then assuming the only bottleneck to transmission speed was the wireless connection, the actual raw data transfer rate might be something close to 45 Mbps.

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Learn More about Wireless
Grayson Evans presents one of the most popular courses at the Electronic House Expo: Residential Retrofit Installation Techniques, Friday March 14, 9am - 6pm. This full-day session is interactive, hands-on and perfect for anyone who wants to tap the booming retrofit market. EHX Spring 2008 runs March 12-15 in Orlando, Fla.


You can assume this is the highest rate achievable by the technology. Any other condition will degrade performance.

But exactly what factors do distance, house construction, interference, WAP specifications, and "client" device specifications have on bandwidth and how can you tell what you can count on?

Until recently, equipment to accurately measure what's going on was cost prohibitive so most of us used the old "plug-and-pray" technique -- hoping the wireless install would work OK.

WiFi Transmitter/Receiver performance and Signal Characteristics


First, you need to understand typical WiFi receiver/transmitter performance. Table 1 lists the 802.11g performance of an actual good quality Wireless Access Point (WAP).

This illustrates the data-rate vs. received signal strength given in dBm's. 0 dBm = 1 mW (milliWatt). Transmitter power is typically measured into the antenna but specs might refer to the effective radiated power (ERP) taking into account the gain of the antenna.

Anything below 0 dBm is written with a minus such as -40 dBm (10,000 times less power than 1 mW).

TABLE 1 -- Typical WAP Transmitter/Receiver Specs
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* or maximum Ethernet data rate

Figure 1 below plots the data rate vs. received signal strength of two high quality WAPs. The data assumes ideal conditions (no competing WiFi signals, no interference). Notice the pronounced "cliff" effect where the useful data rate drops rapidly. This is due to the nature of the 802.11g data modulation technique of OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing). It's reminiscent of the signal capture effect of FM radio.

FIGURE 1. 802.11G Data Rate vs. Path Lost
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Figure 1. Data rate vs. received signal strength for two popular WAPs. Both exhibit a common "cliff" effect where data rate drops off quickly.


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Grayson Evans is founder of The Training Dept. He can be contacted via e-mail at grayson@trainingdept.com.
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Comments

Posted by Wireless Smart  on  01/23  at  06:47 PM

Channel 11 can NEVER interfer with Channel 4 as your article suggests.  Look at the picture you even have.  Channel 11 limits can not interfere with Channel 4.  Channel 11 does not even interfer with Channel 6.  The common triple channels to use are 1, 6, and 11 because the can not and do not interfere with each other.  Get it right dude..

Posted by T. H.  on  01/24  at  12:06 AM

Wireless Smart - take the time to read what he actually said.  He’s off in a few other places, but he’s not as wildly off on this as you suggest.  Sideband harmonics do cause a low level of intereference - all of those bumps to the side of the signal are kind of like echoes (gross over-simplifaction).

Things to correct:

1.  In an isolation chamber you won’t ever get anything close to 54Mbps.  The differences between the theoretical and the actual are the bits used for frame headers, signaling, forward error-correction and the “whitespace” between packets used to avoid collisions.  Perfect conditions won’t be more than around 27Mbits/second for 11g.

2.  11n is actually relatively stable and the market is rallying around it.  Draft 2.0 11n doesn’t have too many interoperability problems, the problems revolve more around the maturity of the chipsets.  Cisco has been shipping it’s 11n draft2 AP (the 1250) for a couple of months now.

3.  The real reason to wait for a bit to implement 11n is to switch over to the 5 GHz band.  No microwave, bluetooth, video-camera, or other common interferers.  There can still be some phone interference (5.8GHz phones), but it’s easier to work around since there are WAY more non-overlapping channels available.  Consumer embedded gear doesn’t generally do 5GHz though, so you’d end up having to use bridges today.  Just about any laptop you buy with 11n with use 5GHz though.

Posted by Grayson Evans  on  01/24  at  01:19 PM

The sideband spread from a 802.11 spread spectrum single is large as you can see on the Metageek spectrum analyzer.  The 801.22 spec has a dB down limit on the band edges, I can’t remember but I think it’s 30 dB.  But if a laptop is close to a WAP on a channel it’s not listening to, and trying to receive a weak signal from a WAP on a non-overlapping channel, it’s bit error rate will suffer.  Very hard to tell how much.

T.H. is right on the 54 Mbps not being achievable.  I should have set the chart to something lower (maybe 45 Mbps or so) but 54 is the only reference point I could be absolutely sure 802.11g could NOT exceed!

802.11n is making progress, but my reluctance is based more on professional practices than technical issues.  Is it OK to install non-standard, still proprietary infrastructure without consulting with the home owner?  I don’t think so.  As the article says, if the customer knows the issues and want to “experiment”, fine. 

I DO NOT recommend using anything in the 5.x GHz band.  Attenuation in the home is just too high.  I’ve tried it.  It’s 2-3 times higher attenuation than 2.4GHz.  OK for open offices.

Posted by Julie Jacobson  on  01/24  at  01:55 PM

Why did everyone get rid of 900 MHz phones? They are impossible to find, and work much better than 2.4 ghz, especially in the winter when our Minnesota microwaves are heating up soup nonstop.

Posted by Grayson Evans  on  01/24  at  05:46 PM

Julie -
Darn good question!  I found one (902 mhz)  at the Good Will and snapped it up!  Now you can’t even find a 2.4 GHz phone, they have all gone to 5.2 GHz.  BUT, What you REALLY want is one that uses DECT (1920 - 1930 MHz).  Doesn’t interfere with anything and it’s a compromise on range (better than 2.4, not as good as 902).

Posted by T.H.  on  01/26  at  12:30 PM

Grayson -
I was specifically talking about 5GHz with 11n, not 11a.  MIMO makes a huge difference in extending range on 5GHz, and many of the other performance enhancements in the 11n MAC will make it maintain high performance in a home environment as well as an office.  You can also use 40MHz wide channels easily because all of the 5GHz channels are usable, unlike 2.4GHz.  The main issue is the lack of support in devices other than laptops, which is why I said that’s the reason to wait.

It’s not “non-standard”, and it’s not “proprietary” if you use a draft-2 product.  WiFi Alliance is certifying draft-2 products and performing interoperability testing, and every major enterprise AP vendor has announced a draft-2 product.  Two are shipping (Cisco and Meru) and the other are close.  Intel Centrino 4965 is draft-2 compliant and available as a cheap option on just about any laptop you buy.  Apple has been selling 11n cards for 9+ months now, and they became draft-2 compliant with a simple driver upgrade.  On top of that, the backwards compatibility in 11n is extremely robust, and you even get a range/reliability bump on legacy devices if you use it.

Posted by gtucker  on  02/07  at  10:16 AM

I am interested to know if you did any specific testing of Encryption and its effect on range or thorough put?

Posted by Grayson  on  02/18  at  02:20 AM

gtucker-
Good question.  Encryption (WPA or WPA2) adds to the packet size (about a 20-30% overhead).  Therefore the throughput decreases regardless of interference or range.  In theory it should be more susceptible to errors simply because there is more bits that have to arrive successfully.  Range for a given bandwidth should also decrease.
But to answer your question, I have done a little testing of using encryption on data rate vs. range.  I tried measuring throughput with encryption on and off.  I did see a little difference, with encryption on, troughput decreases with encryption.
Something I haven’t had a chance to try is to set up a situation where reception is “flakey” and turn encryption off to see if things get unflakey.  I hope I can remember to do this sometime soon.  Let me know if you have any results.
G.

Posted by alex  on  02/15  at  10:16 PM

related studies about wifi please!

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